Diskless netboot

Diskless server / workstation using netboot

NFS is a technology that allow you to share some files and folders over the network. So:

• All the clients will share the installation, configuration files and so on.
• Each client will run a dedicated instance of the operating system
• Logs will be centralized on the common NFS server - so we don't loose data on each reboot.

You must have a working DHCP server + NetBoot before starting this part.

Requirements:

• DHCP server
• NetBoot server

Installation

NFS support

apt-get install nfs-kernel-server nfs-common

Debootstrap (manage netboot image)

apt-get install debootstrap

NFS server setup

Preparation

You have to create a dedicated folder on your server where you will host the client image.

mkdir -p /srv/nfsroot
chmod -R 777 /srv/nfsroot

Configuration

The NFS configuration is done in the /etc/exports file

vim /etc/exports

Add something like that:

  /srv/nfsroot      192.168.2.0/24(ro,no_root_squash,async,insecure,no_subtree_check)

Adjust "192.168.2.0/24" to your own network address

• rw : Allow clients to read as well as write access
• ro : Read only access
• insecure : Tells the NFS server to use unpriveledged ports (ports > 1024).
• no_subtree_check : If the entire volume (/users) is exported, disabling this check will speed up transfers.
• async : async will speed up transfers.
• no_root_squash: This phrase allows root to connect to the designated directory.

- NOTE -

It's always a good idea to use Read-Only if you plan to share this disk.

That will avoid user to mess with your image!

Security

Like TFTP, this part is insecure !

You must restrict the access to your NFS server by a firewall script and filtering BEFORE reaching the LAN !

NFS is using dynamic ports numbers because it runs over rpcbind. Making NFS using specifics port is a pain in the ass !! :(

So, instead of that you should allow your LAN communication.

    IPTABLES=`which iptables`
    LAN_ADDRESS="192.168.2.0/24"

    # Allow LAN communication
    $IPTABLES -A INPUT -s $LAN_ADDRESS -d $LAN_ADDRESS -m state ! --state INVALID -j ACCEPT
    $IPTABLES -A OUTPUT -s $LAN_ADDRESS -d $LAN_ADDRESS -m state ! --state INVALID -j ACCEPT

Management

service nfs-kernel-server {status|start|stop|restart}

Test the server

Install the NFS v4 client:

apt-get install nfs-common

To mount the default path:

mount -t nfs nfs-server:/ /mnt

You'll see: "/mnt/srv/nfsroot"

It's better to do:

mount -t nfs nfs-server:/srv/nfsroot /mnt

NFS client image

There are different way to setup a NFS client image.

The main ones are:

• debootstrap
• copying the install from your server
• Manual install on a client, then, when the system is ready, copy everything to the NFS share

Debootstrap: setup client distribution

Setup distribution folder

You have to create one target for each distribution you want to serve:

mkdir -p /srv/nfsroot/trusty
chmod -R 777 /srv/nfsroot/trusty

- NOTES -

• The folder name should match your NetBoot settings. Folder name = a LABEL in the NetBoot config.
• The folder name should match a Linux (Debian like) distribution name

Populate the content

cd /srv/nfsroot/trusty
debootstrap trusty /srv/nfsroot/trusty

Adjust default login/password

You have to create / adjust the default user.

To do so, we must "mount" the new system and perform operations on it.

# "mount" the system
chroot /srv/nfsroot/trusty/
# Add new user
adduser <username>
# Add user to sudoers group
usermod -a -G sudo <username>
# Exit chroot
exit

Custom NetBoot configuration

Basic configuration

You can setup your own netboot configuration.

To do so, you can re-use one of the syslinux templates:

# Create folders
mkdir /var/lib/tftpboot/custom
mkdir /var/lib/tftpboot/custom/pxelinux.cfg

# Create configuration files
cp /usr/lib/syslinux/pxelinux.0 /var/lib/tftpboot/custom

The pxelinux.cfg folder is mandatory. Inside you can provide:

• configuration for a specific IP @ or hostname
• configuration for a group
• default configuration (required)

Create the default configuration file:

vim /var/lib/tftpboot/custom/pxelinux.cfg/default

Put the following:

# Ubuntu 14.04
LABEL TRUSTY
    kernel trusty/vmlinuz
    initrd trusty/initrd.img
    # Set NFS share as default root 
    append root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=192.168.2.2:/srv/nfsroot/trusty


# Prompt user for selection
PROMPT 0

TIMEOUT 30

• Each LABEL is a specific configuration that will displayed on the NetBoot menu.
• PROMPT 1 = enable user prompt so you can choose the configuration
• TIMEOUT 30 = timeout (in seconds) before the default option is choosen

Note that I used a reference to "trusty/", that's a folder I need to create later on.

Create boot files

mkdir /var/lib/tftpboot/custom/trusty
# Copy current boot files
cp /boot/vmlinuz-3.2.0-4-amd64 /var/lib/tftpboot/custom/trusty/
cp /boot/initrd.img-3.2.0-4-amd64 /var/lib/tftpboot/custom/trusty/
# Create symlinks
ln -s /var/lib/tftpboot/custom/trusty/vmlinuz-3.2.0-4-amd64 /var/lib/tftpboot/custom/trusty/vmlinuz
ln -s /var/lib/tftpboot/custom/trusty/initrd.img-3.2.0-4-amd64 /var/lib/tftpboot/custom/trusty/initrd.img

Adjust the 3.2.0-4 kernel number to the version you are using

Advanced menu

Text menu:

cp /usr/lib/syslinux/menu.c32 /var/lib/tftpboot/custom/


Graphic menu:
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
cp /usr/lib/syslinux/vesamenu.c32 /var/lib/tftpboot/custom/
cp /mySuperPicture/logo.png /var/lib/tftpboot/custom/pxelinux.cfg/

The associate picture must be a '''PNG 800x600''' picture and MUST be named '''logo.png'''.

<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
#### GENERIC OPTIONS #####
# Enable text menu
#DEFAULT menu.c32
# Enable graphical menu
DEFAULT vesamenu.c32
# Prompt for user input? (0 = choose from menu, 1 = you can type anything)
PROMPT 0
# Allow or not the user to left the menu (1 = user is locked to the menu)
NOESCAPE 1
# Time before using default option
TIMEOUT 50


#### Menu settings #####
MENU TITLE my super netboot menu
MENU BACKGROUND pxelinux.cfg/logo.png
MENU WIDTH 80
MENU ROWS 14
MENU MARGIN 10


#### Distributions #####
# Ubuntu 14.04
LABEL trusty
    MENU LABEL Ubuntu 14.04 (trusty)
    MENU DEFAULT
    # Kernel and boot files
    KERNEL trusty/vmlinuz
    initrd trusty/initrd.img
    ### Boot options
    # Set NFS share as default root 
    APPEND root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=192.168.2.2:/srv/nfsroot/trusty

# Installation disk
    MENU LABEL rescue disk
    # Kernel and boot files
    KERNEL trusty/vmlinuz
    initrd rescue/amd64/initrd.img

Note all the "MENU" commands + PROMPT 0

References

Ubuntu diskless how-to: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/DisklessUbuntuHowto Super video tutorials:

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=js9imsrqAMk
• http://www.stepladder-it.com/bivblog/14/ to /16/