Revision as of 09:04, 11 June 2014

Context and aim

Aim

I want to achieve the following configuration:

Key points:

Each client is a diskless station.

I want to use the same distribution everywhere.

For all this tutorial I'll be using a local network 172.16.50.0/24 with 172.16.50.2 as master server.

Diskless station means:

The clients don't need any hard drive to run, they will retrieve the file system from the TFTP server and use a NFS share as hard drive. The system will only run in RAM disk. So:

All the clients will share the installation, configuration files and so on.

Each client will run a dedicated instance of the operating system in his own RAM disk

Logs will be centralized on the common NFS server - so we don't loose data on each reboot.

The user will be able to choose the O.S to run on boot - thanks to a PXE menu

Requirements

To achieve that you need to have:

Optional:

DNS server

Target folder tree (server side)

This is how we'll setup our files and folders:

# TFTP root
/tftpboot/                                   

###############
# Network bootable image(s) using NFS technology
################       

#### Boot file            
/tftpboot/pxelinux.0                   # Initial boot file - only use to load the PXE NetBoot manager
/tftpboot/{menu.c32 || vesamenu.c32}   # PXE interactive menu managers (text or graphical)
/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/                # PXE configuration(s)
/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default         # default PXE configuration

#### Kernel file

/tftpboot/images/      

# Debian 7.x [Wheezy] 
/tftpboot/images/wheezy/   
/tftpboot/images/wheezy/vmlinuz
/tftpboot/images/wheezy/initrd.img

# [X]Ubuntu 14.04 [Trusty] 
/tftpboot/images/trusty/  
/tftpboot/images/trusty/vmlinuz
/tftpboot/images/trusty/initrd.img


#### NFS 
# This is where the runnable will be. Each image will be in a dedicated folder.
/nfs/                    

# Debian 7.x [Wheezy] 
/nfs/wheezy/   

# Ubuntu 14.04 [Trusty] 
/nfs/trusty/

Client overview

Each client must have, at least, 4 Go of RAM.

4 GO RAM configuration

This is how we're gonna populate the client:

As you can see, each client will have some space dedicated for swap + some RAMdisk to allow writing in /var, /tmp and /proc.

Configuration of a 4Go RAM disk:

No swap
Local TMPFS (read/write for /dev, /tmp, ...) : 1 Go
- /tmp = 512 M
- /var/tmp = 128 M
- /var/log = 128 M
- /var/run = 8 M
- /var/lock = 8 M
- /run/shm = 256 M
O.S (NFS read only) : all the rest ~ 2.8 Go
Common share (NFS read write) : Remote disk

2 Go

Due to budget restriction we might encounter some low memory machines with only 2 Go...

This is how we're gonna populate the client:

In case of 2Go RAM then you have to use some tricks:

No swap
O.S (NFS read only) : ~ 1.2 Go
Common share (NFS read write) : Remote disk
Local TMPFS (read/write for /dev, /tmp, ...) : all the rest
- /tmp = 372 M
- /var/tmp = auto
- /var/log = 128 M
- /var/run = auto
- /var/lock = auto
- /run/shm = auto

How big is the client image ?

By default the deboostrap Ubuntu 14.04 LTS image is 239 Mo. With the applications we're gonna use that size will increase to

Installation

NFS support

apt-get install nfs-kernel-server nfs-common

Debootstrap (manage netboot image)

apt-get install debootstrap

Initramfs (to manage "virtual disks")

apt-get install initramfs-tools

Preparation

You have to create a dedicated folder on your server where you will host the distributions kernels + Boot settings.

mkdir -p /tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg
chmod -R 755 /tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg

mkdir -p /tftpboot/images
chmod -R 755 /tftpboot/images

The pxelinux.cfg/ folder is mandatory. Inside you can provide:

configuration for a specific IP @ or hostname
configuration for a group
default configuration (required)

Boot menu and Kernel setup

The first thing to do is to setup a booting kernel. To do so we'll use the "syslinux" files.

Reminder If your client(s) will use some smart-cards driver then you MUST install these drivers on the on the NFS server + reboot the server ; before going through the following steps. See Drivers#Smart-card_drivers

Root file: pxelinux.0

The pxelinux.0 is the root file. That's the file that allows the netboot.

This is the file that is serve by the TFTP server.

cp /usr/lib/syslinux/pxelinux.0 /tftpboot/

Create NetBoot menu | defaults

Now, we have to specify which kernel to use and which distributions are available for NetBoot.

Create the default configuration file:

vim /tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default

Put the following:

# Debian 7.x
LABEL wheezy
    kernel images/wheezy/vmlinuz
    initrd images/wheezy/initrd.img

# Ubuntu 14.04
LABEL trusty
    kernel images/trusty/vmlinuz
    initrd images/trusty/initrd.img


# Prompt user for selection
PROMPT 1
# No timeout
TIMEOUT 0

Each LABEL is a specific configuration that will displayed on the NetBoot menu.
PROMPT 0 = enable user prompt so you can choose the configuration
TIMEOUT 0 = timeout (in seconds) before the default option is chosen. 0 == no timeout

Note that I used a reference to "trusty/", that's a folder I need to create later on.

Init Kernel files

Create directories

Create the target kernel folders. You should create 1 folder for each distribution you'd like to provide in NetBoot.

# Debian 7.x
mkdir -p /tftpboot/images/wheezy

# Ubuntu 14.04
mkdir -p /tftpboot/images/trusty

Prepare initramfs to boot over NFS

This step must to be run on the machine that has the kernel you are going to serve to your clients.

>>> In our case it has to be run on the TFTP server

Copy initramfs settings for PXE boot

cp -r /etc/initramfs-tools /etc/initramfs-pxe

Adjust PXE boot configuration

cd /etc/initramfs-pxe/
vim /etc/initramfs-pxe/initramfs.conf

Add / adjust the following options:

BOOT=nfs
MODULE=netboot

Copy and prepare kernel

You have to copy your current kernel files to the boot folder:

# Debian 7.x
cp /boot/vmlinuz-`uname -r` /tftpboot/images/wheezy/vmlinuz
cp /boot/initrd.img-`uname -r` /tftpboot/images/wheezy/initrd.img

# Ubuntu 14.04
cp /boot/vmlinuz-`uname -r` /tftpboot/images/trusty/vmlinuz
cp /boot/initrd.img-`uname -r` /tftpboot/images/trusty/initrd.img

Enable NFS boot on target kernel:

mkinitramfs -d /etc/initramfs-pxe -o /tftpboot/images/trusty/initrd.img

Adjust rights:

chmod -R 755 /tftpboot/images/

Notes:

Do NOT use some symlink for "vmlinuz" and "initrd.img" !! It won't work.

If you don't want to use `uname -r` [current kernel version and architecture] then adjust the values to target kernel number + architecture

You have to run mkinitramfs for each kernel you'll provide

Don't forget to adjust the rights to 755 for every distribution

NFS server setup

Configuration

The NFS configuration is done in the /etc/exports file

vim /etc/exports

Add something like that:

### list of available O.S
  /nfs/trusty         172.16.50.0/24(ro,no_root_squash,no_subtree_check,async,insecure)
  /nfs/wheezy         172.16.50.0/24(ro,no_root_squash,no_subtree_check,async,insecure)
### common share
  /nfs/common         172.16.50.0/24(rw,no_root_squash,no_subtree_check,async,insecure)

Adjust "172.16.50.0/24" to your own network address

rw : Allow clients to read as well as write access
ro : Read only access
insecure : Tells the NFS server to use unpriveledged ports (ports > 1024).
no_subtree_check : If the entire volume (/users) is exported, disabling this check will speed up transfers.
async : async will speed up transfers.
no_root_squash: This phrase allows root to connect to the designated directory.

- NOTE -

It's always a good idea to use Read-Only if you plan to share this disk. That will avoid user to mess with your image!

There must not be any space between network IP and "("

Security

Like TFTP, this part is insecure !

You must restrict the access to your NFS server by a firewall script and filtering BEFORE reaching the LAN !

NFS is using dynamic ports numbers because it runs over rpcbind. Making NFS using specifics port is a pain in the ass !! :(

So, instead of that you should allow your LAN communication.

    IPTABLES=`which iptables`
    LAN_ADDRESS="172.16.50.0/24"

    # Allow LAN communication
    $IPTABLES -A INPUT -s $LAN_ADDRESS -d $LAN_ADDRESS -m state ! --state INVALID -j ACCEPT
    $IPTABLES -A OUTPUT -s $LAN_ADDRESS -d $LAN_ADDRESS -m state ! --state INVALID -j ACCEPT

Management

service nfs-kernel-server {status|start|stop|restart}

Test the server

Install the NFS v4 client:

apt-get install nfs-common

To mount the default path:

mount -t nfs nfs-server:/ /mnt

You'll see: "/nfs"

It's better to do:

mount -t nfs nfs-server:/nfs /mnt

NFS client image

There are different way to setup a NFS client image.

The main ones are:

Manually
- debootstrap
- copying the install from your server
- Manual install on a client, then, when the system is ready, copy everything to the NFS share

Using script and software like "Puppet" or "Chef"

Setup client distribution

You have to create one target for each distribution you want to serve:

mkdir -p /nfs/trusty
mkdir -p /nfs/wheezy
mkdir -p /nfs/common

- NOTES -

The folder name should match your NetBoot settings. Folder name = a LABEL in the NetBoot config.

The folder name should match a Linux (Debian like) distribution name

Configure client distribution

Manual configuration: Diskless image configuration - manual setup

Automatic [Puppet || Chef] configuration: Diskless image configuration - script setup

Kernel modules and source

-- This is an optional step ; but it can avoid many bugs --

If you're using a local kernel as the default NetBoot kernel, then you need to do copy the modules + kernel source to every distribution.

# Copy kernel modules
cp -r /lib/modules/`uname -r` /nfs/trusty/lib/modules

# Copy kernel sources
cp -r /usr/src/linux-headers-`uname -r` /nfs/trusty/usr/src

Note that you have to adjust the /nfs/XXX

Backup distribution

You can create an archive of your current distribution for later restore / re-use.

Compression

cd /nfs
tar cvpjf trusty.tar.bz2 ./trusty

Restoration

cd /nfs
tar -xvjf trusty.tar.bz2

PXE interactive menu

You can create interactive NetBoot menus, see:

References

Ubuntu diskless how-to: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/DisklessUbuntuHowto

Mind reference: http://mindref.blogspot.se/2011/03/debian-diskless.html

Super video tutorials:

Nice explanation of PXE process: http://www.linux.com/learn/docs/ldp/497-Diskless-root-NFS-HOWTO

How to improved /etc/fstab: http://www.askapache.com/optimize/super-speed-secrets.html

@@ Line 507: / Line 507: @@
 ==Kernel modules and source==
+-- This is an optional step ; but it can avoid many bugs --
 If you're using a local kernel as the default NetBoot kernel, then you need to do copy the ''modules'' + ''kernel source'' to every distribution.

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