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| | + | [[Category:Linux]] |
| | + | |
| | VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK (VPN) | | VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK (VPN) |
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| | | | |
| | ==Reminder: What is a “VPN”?== | | ==Reminder: What is a “VPN”?== |
| | + | |
| | + | Nice explanations: |
| | | | |
| | * French: http://www.frameip.com/vpn/ | | * French: http://www.frameip.com/vpn/ |
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| | | | |
| − | ==Sources==
| |
| | | | |
| − | * Linode: https://library.linode.com/networking/openvpn/debian-6-squeeze#sph_id7
| + | As a quick reminder, you can use a VPN for 3 things: |
| − | * WebSite (1) : http://dev.shyd.de/2011/02/dockstar-howto-setup-openvpn-debian/ | + | * Mask your source IP @ |
| | | | |
| | + | [[File:VPN change ip address 1.png|none|VPN change ip address (1)]] |
| | | | |
| | + | [[File:VPN change ip address 2.png|none|VPN change ip address (2)]] |
| | | | |
| − | =Installation=
| |
| | | | |
| | + | * Secure communication through the VPN server |
| | | | |
| − | ==Binary==
| + | [[File:VPN client to client.png|none|VPN client to client]] |
| | | | |
| − | Installation is easy. You just need “openvpn”.
| |
| | | | |
| − | <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
| + | * Access remote LAN |
| − | apt-get update && apt-get upgrade
| |
| − | apt-get install openvpn easy-rsa
| |
| − | </syntaxhighlight>
| |
| | | | |
| − | ==Logs==
| + | [[File:VPN to lan.png|none|VPN to LAN]] |
| | | | |
| − | Create target files
| |
| | | | |
| − | <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
| + | Of course you can combine some / all of these usages. |
| − | touch /var/log/openvpn.log
| |
| − | touch /var/log/openvpn-status.log
| |
| − | chmod 777 /var/log/openvpn*
| |
| − | </syntaxhighlight>
| |
| | | | |
| − | Create symlinks
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| | | | |
| − | <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
| |
| − | ln -s /var/log/openvpn.log /etc/openvpn/openvpn.log
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| − | ln -s /var/log/openvpn-status.log /etc/openvpn/openvpn-status.log
| |
| − | </syntaxhighlight>
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| | | | |
| − | Adjust '/etc/openvpn/server.conf' accordingly
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| − |
| |
| − | <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
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| − | /var/log/openvpn.log => real time log
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| − | /var/log/openvpn-status.log => list of connected clients
| |
| − | </syntaxhighlight>
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| − |
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| − |
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| − |
| |
| − | =Public Key Infrastructure=
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The OpenVPN package provides a set of encryption-related tools called "easy-rsa".
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| − |
| |
| − | These scripts are located by default in the ''/usr/share/doc/openvpn/examples/easy-rsa/'' directory.
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| − |
| |
| − | However, in order to function properly, these scripts should be located in the /etc/openvpn directory.
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| − |
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| − |
| |
| − | ==Installation==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Copy these files with the following command:
| |
| − |
| |
| − | [Old Ubuntu - before 14.04]
| |
| − | <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
| |
| − | cp -R /usr/share/doc/openvpn/examples/easy-rsa/ /etc/openvpn
| |
| − | </syntaxhighlight>
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| − |
| |
| − | [New Ubuntu distro - 14.04 and later]
| |
| − | <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
| |
| − | cp -R /usr/share/easy-rsa/ /etc/openvpn
| |
| − | </syntaxhighlight>
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| − |
| |
| − | ==Configure Public Key Infrastructure Variables==
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| − |
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | ===Default values===
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| − |
| |
| − | Before you can generate the public key infrastructure for OpenVPN, you must configure a few variables that the easy-rsa scripts will use to generate the scripts.
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| − |
| |
| − | These variables are set near the end of the /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/2.0/vars file.
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| − |
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | [Old Ubuntu]
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| − |
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| − | Don't forget to add /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/'''2.0/''' everywhere !!
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| − |
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| − |
| |
| − | <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
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| − | vim /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/vars
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| − | </syntaxhighlight>
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| − |
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| − |
| |
| − | Here is an example of the relevant values:
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
| |
| − | export KEY_COUNTRY="SE"
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| − | export KEY_PROVINCE="Västra Götaland"
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| − | export KEY_CITY="Goteborg"
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| − | export KEY_ORG="daxiongmao.eu"
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| − | export KEY_EMAIL="guillaume@qin-diaz.com"
| |
| − | </syntaxhighlight>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | >> Alter the examples to reflect your configuration.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | This information will be included in certificates you create!
| |
| − | That must be accurate, particularly the KEY_ORG and KEY_EMAIL values.
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| − |
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| − |
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| − |
| |
| − | ===Initialize the Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)===
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| − |
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| − | Generate the Authority of Certification (AC):
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
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| − | cd /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/
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| − | . /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/vars
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| − | . /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/clean-all
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| − | . /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/build-ca
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| − | </syntaxhighlight>
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| − |
| |
| − | When asked, use your COMPANY name as "common name".
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| − |
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | ===Generate OpenVPN Server Certificates and Private Key===
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
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| − | cd /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/
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| − | source /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/vars
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| − | . /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/build-key-server [server]
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| − | </syntaxhighlight>
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| − |
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| − | [server] replace server by your actual server name !
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | This script will also prompt you for additional information.
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| − |
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| − | Common Name = Name of the current server (server DNS name)
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| − |
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | ===Generate Clients certificates and private keys===
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| − |
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| − | <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
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| − | cd /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/
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| − | source /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/vars
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| − | . /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/build-key [clientName]
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| − | </syntaxhighlight>
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| − |
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| − | Replace the ''[clientName]'' parameter with a relevant identifier for each client.
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| − | * The client common name must be unique
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| − | * It helps you to identify each client. Don’t hesitate to use meaningful name.
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | The name is put inside the certificate.
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| − |
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| − | All other information can remain the same
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| − |
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | ===Generate Diffie Hellman Parameters===
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| − |
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| − | The "Diffie Hellman Parameters" govern the method of key exchange and authentication used by the OpenVPN server.
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| − |
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| − | <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
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| − | cd /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/
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| − | . /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/build-dh
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| − | </syntaxhighlight>
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| − |
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | ===Generate shared security key===
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| − |
| |
| − | '''NOT TESTED – July 2013'''
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| − |
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| − | To increase security, you can use a share common key between server and clients.
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| − | Each client will need the shared key + its own key to communicate.
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| − |
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| − | <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
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| − | openvpn --genkey --secret ./keys/ta.key
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| − | </syntaxhighlight>
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| − |
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| − | ==Distribute keys==
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| − |
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | ===Client files===
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| − |
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| − | In order to authenticate to the VPN, you'll need to copy a number of certificate and key files to the remote client machines.
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| − | They are:
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| − | * Authority of certification ca.crt
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| − | * Client certificate [clientName].crt
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| − | * Client private key [clientName].key
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| − |
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| − | !!! These keys should transferred with the utmost attention to security.
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| − | Anyone who has the key is able to gain full access to your virtual private network !!!
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| − |
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | ===Server files===
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| − |
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| − | The keys and certificates for the server need to be relocated to the /etc/openvpn directory so the OpenVPN server process can access them.
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| − | These files are:
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| − | * Authority of certification ca.crt
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| − | * Authority private key ca.key
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| − | * Diffie Hellman props dh1024.pem !! on new distro it might be dh2048.pem by default !!
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| − | * Server certificate server.crt
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| − | * Server private key server.key
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
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| − | cd /etc/openvpn/
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| − | ln -s /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/ca.crt /etc/openvpn/ca.crt
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| − | ln -s /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/ca.key /etc/openvpn/ca.key
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| − | ln -s /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/dh1024.pem /etc/openvpn/dh1024.pem
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| − | ln -s /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/myServer.crt /etc/openvpn/server.crt
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| − | ln -s /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/myServer.key /etc/openvpn/server.key
| |
| − | </syntaxhighlight>
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | !! Apart 'ca.crt', all these files mustn't leave your server!!
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| − |
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| − | ==Revoking Client Certificates==
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| − |
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| − | ''How to remove a user's access to the VPN server?''
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| − |
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| − | <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
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| − | cd /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/
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| − | . /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/vars
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| − | . /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/evoke-full [clientName]
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| − | </syntaxhighlight>
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | This will revoke the ability of users who have the [clientName] certificate to access the VPN.
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| − |
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| − | For this reason, keeping track of which users are in possession of which certificates is crucial.
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| − |
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| − | =Server configuration=
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | ==Configuration file==
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| − |
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| − | ===Basic setup===
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| − |
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| − | <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
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| − | cp /usr/share/doc/openvpn/examples/sample-config-files/server.conf.gz /etc/openvpn
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| − | cd /etc/openvpn/
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| − | gzip -d server.conf.gz
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| − | </syntaxhighlight>
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | ===Security algorithms and hash===
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| − |
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| − | '''Cryptographic algorithms'''
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| − | <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
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| − | openvpn --show-ciphers
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| − | </syntaxhighlight>
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| − |
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| − | Search for: AES-128-CBC, AES-256-CBC
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | '''Hash algorithms'''
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| − | <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
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| − | openvpn --show-digests
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| − | </syntaxhighlight>
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| − |
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| − | Search for: MD5
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | '''Handshake algorithms'''
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| − | <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
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| − | openvpn --show-tls
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| − | </syntaxhighlight>
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| − |
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | =Server configuration=
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| − |
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| − | This is how you configuration should look like:
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| − |
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| − | <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
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| − | #################################################
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| − | # OpenVPN 2.0 config file #
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| − | # --------------------------------------------- #
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| − | # version 1.0 - April 2011 - Guillaume Diaz
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| − | # version 1.2 - June 2013 - Guillaume Diaz
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| − | # conf update + chroot
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| − | #################################################
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | # OpenVPN configuration
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| − | ##########################
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| − | # Which local IP address should OpenVPN listen on? (optional)
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| − | local 192.168.1.2
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| − |
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| − | # VPN interface
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| − | # Which TCP/UDP port should OpenVPN listen on?
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| − | # TCP or UDP server?
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| − | dev tun
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| − | proto udp
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| − | port 8080
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | # SECURITY - Crypto
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| − | ########################
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| − | # SSL/TLS root certificate (ca)
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| − | # Server certificate and private key
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| − | # Diffie hellman parameters
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| − | ca /etc/openvpn/ca.crt
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| − | cert /etc/openvpn/server.crt
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| − | key /etc/openvpn/server.key
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| − | dh /etc/openvpn/dh2048.pem
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| − |
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| − | # Shared secret key by both server and clients
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| − | ;tls-auth /etc/openvpn/ta.key 0
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| − |
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| − | # Crypto settings
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| − | cipher AES-128-CBC
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| − | auth MD5
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| − |
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| − | # Reduce OpenVPN daemon rights after application start
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| − | # To chroot OpenVPN to its own folder
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| − | user nobody
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| − | group nogroup
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| − | chroot /etc/openvpn/
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| − |
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | # SERVER CONF
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| − | ##########################
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| − | # Server mode and VPN subset
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| − | server 192.168.15.0 255.255.255.0
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| − | # Maintain a record of client <-> virtual IP address associations in this file.
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| − | ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt
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| − | # Keepalive (ping-like)
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| − | # 1 ping every 10s. 120s timeout = disconnect client
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| − | keepalive 10 120
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| − | # Keep server connection up and running
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| − | persist-key
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| − | persist-tun
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| − | # Compression of data exchange
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| − | comp-lzo
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| − |
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| − |
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | # CLIENTS CONF
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| − | ##########################
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| − | # Maximum number of concurrently connected clients
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| − | ;max-clients 100
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| − |
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| − | # Allow different clients to be able to "see" each other.
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| − | client-to-client
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| − | # One certificate, multiple clients
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| − | # Do not use 'duplicate-cn' with 'ifconfig-pool-persist'
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| − | ;duplicate-cn
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| − | # Fix for Microsoft Windows clients
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| − | mssfix
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| − | # Server security level
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| − | script-security 2
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | # Push routes to the client
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| − | # >> VPN route. required to allow connections
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| − | push "route 192.168.15.0 255.255.255.0"
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| − | # >> Set the VPN server as global gateway
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| − | push "redirect-gateway def1"
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| − | # >> set the DNS Server
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| − | push "dhcp-option DNS 8.8.8.8"
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| − | push "dhcp-option DNS 8.8.4.4"
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| − |
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| − |
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | # LOGS
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| − | ##########################
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| − | # Short status file showing current connections
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| − | # this is truncated and rewritten every minute.
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| − | status /etc/openvpn/openvpn-status.log
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| − |
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| − | # Log in a dedicated file instead of /var/log/messages
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| − | log /etc/openvpn/openvpn.log
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| − | log-append /etc/openvpn/openvpn.log
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| − |
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| − | # Log level
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| − | # 0 is silent, except for fatal errors
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| − | # 4 is reasonable for general usage
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| − | # 5 and 6 can help to debug connection problems
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| − | # 9 is extremely verbose
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| − | verb 6
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| − |
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| − | # Silence repeating messages.
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| − | # At most xx sequential same messages will be output to the log file.
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| − | mute 10
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| − | </syntaxhighlight>
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | You can either use TCP or UDP. Performances are the same, UDP is a bit easier to install.
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| − |
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| − | Be careful when you choose the port number!
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| − | Common open ports:
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| − | * 80 (http)
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| − | * 443 (HTTPS)
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| − | * 8080 (Proxy / JEE servers)
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| − |
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| − | =Firewall=
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| − |
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| − | You can use the following firewall script:
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| − |
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| − | <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
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| − | MODPROBE=`which modprobe`
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| − | IPTABLES=`which iptables`
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| − | INT_ETH = eth0
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| − | INT_VPN = tun0
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| − | IP_LAN_VPN = 10.8.0.0/24
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| − |
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| − | # --- #
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| − | # VPN #
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| − | # --- #
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| − | $MODPROBE iptable_nat
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| − |
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| − | echo " ... Enable NAT features"
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| − | echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
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| − |
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| − | echo " ... Allow all VPN communications (no filter)"
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| − | $IPTABLES -A INPUT -i $INT_VPN -m state ! --state INVALID -j ACCEPT
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| − | $IPTABLES -A OUTPUT -o $INT_VPN -m state ! --state INVALID -j ACCEPT
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| − |
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| − | echo " ... Allowing VPN forwarding"
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| − | # Allow forwarding
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| − | $IPTABLES -A FORWARD -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
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| − | $IPTABLES -A FORWARD -i $INT_VPN -s $IP_LAN_VPN -j ACCEPT
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| − | $IPTABLES -A FORWARD -j REJECT
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| − | # Allow devices communication $ETH0 <--> tun0
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| − | $IPTABLES -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s $IP_LAN_VPN -o $INT_ETH -j MASQUERADE
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| − | # Forward Established, Related
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| − | $IPTABLES -A FORWARD -s $IP_LAN_VPN -p tcp -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED --sport 1024:65535 --dport 1024:65535 -j ACCEPT
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| − | $IPTABLES -A FORWARD -s $IP_LAN_VPN -p udp -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED --sport 1024:65535 --dport 1024:65535 -j ACCEPT
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| − |
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| − | Off course, you should also have:
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| − | echo -e " ... Keep$GREEN ESTABLISHED$BLACK connections "
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| − | # Keep established connections
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| − | $IPTABLES -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
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| − | $IPTABLES -A OUTPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
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| − |
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| − | # keep related connections
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| − | echo -e " ... Keep$GREEN RELATED$BLACK connections"
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| − | $IPTABLES -A INPUT -m state --state RELATED -j ACCEPT
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| − | $IPTABLES -A OUTPUT -m state --state RELATED -j ACCEPT
| |
| − | </syntaxhighlight>
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| − |
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | =Startup=
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| − |
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| − | ==Restart services==
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| − |
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| − | <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
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| − | service openvpn restart
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| − | service firewall restart
| |
| − | </syntaxhighlight>
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | ==Client Software==
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| − |
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | ===Linux===
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| − |
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| − | <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
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| − | apt-get install openssl openssh-server openvpn
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| − | </syntaxhighlight>
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| − |
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| − |
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| − |
| |
| − | ===Windows===
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| − |
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| − | On windows, many clients are available.
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| − | The best one for Windows 7 and 8 is: « OpenVPN Connect Client Download for Windows »
| |
| − | https://openvpn.net/index.php?option=com_content&id=357
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| − |
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| − | Note: The file must be around 15 Mb.
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| − |
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| − |
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| − |
| |
| − | ===MacOSX===
| |
| − | The best VPN client is “tunnelblick”
| |
| − | http://code.google.com/p/tunnelblick
| |
| − | * Configuration files are in ~/librairies/openvpn
| |
| − | * That’s the libraries [“bibliothèque”] folder of the current user
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| − |
| |
| − | ==Client files==
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| − |
| |
| − | The client requires:
| |
| − | * Authority of certification ca.cert
| |
| − | * Client private key client.key
| |
| − | * Client certificate client.crt
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Then, you can setup client configuration.
| |
| − | * See “client_conf.ovpn”
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | '''Notes:'''
| |
| − | You have to edit the configuration file.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | * Adjust paths on lines 30-38
| |
| − |
| |
| − | * On Windows you must you the double slash \\
| |
| − |
| |
| − | * On Linux don’t forget to uncomment the following lines for better security:
| |
| − | <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
| |
| − | # Downgrade privileges after initialization (non-Windows only)
| |
| − | user nobody
| |
| − | group nobody
| |
| − | </syntaxhighlight>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | * Linux: depending on your distribution you might need to adjust user / group default name.
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | =Fail2ban=
| |
| − |
| |
| − | It's a good idea to protect your server against brute force attacks and intruders.
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Create new rule==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Create a new rule in Fail2Ban:
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
| |
| − | vim /etc/fail2ban/filter.d/openvpn.conf
| |
| − | </syntaxhighlight>
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Add:
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
| |
| − | [Definition]
| |
| − | failregex = [a-b]*ovpn-server.*:.<HOST>:[0-9]{4,5} TLS Auth Error:.*
| |
| − | [a-b]*ovpn-server.*:.<HOST>:[0-9]{4,5} VERIFY ERROR:.*
| |
| − | [a-b]*ovpn-server.*:.<HOST>:[0-9]{4,5} TLS Error: TLS handshake failed.*
| |
| − | </syntaxhighlight>
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Apply rule==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Edit Fail2Ban main configuration:
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
| |
| − | vim /etc/fail2ban/jail.conf
| |
| − | </syntaxhighlight>
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | At the end of the file, add:
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
| |
| − | [openvpn]
| |
| − | enabled = true
| |
| − | port = 8080
| |
| − | protocol = udp
| |
| − | filter = openvpn
| |
| − | logpath = /etc/openvpn/openvpn.log
| |
| − | maxretry = 3
| |
| − | </syntaxhighlight>
| |
| | | | |
| | + | ==Sources== |
| | | | |
| | + | * Linode: https://library.linode.com/networking/openvpn/debian-6-squeeze#sph_id7 |
| | + | * WebSite (1) : http://dev.shyd.de/2011/02/dockstar-howto-setup-openvpn-debian/ |
| | | | |
| − | =Advanced stuff=
| |
| | | | |
| − | Logrotate
| |
| − | http://guillaume.vaillant.me/?p=393
| |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | + | =Next steps= |
| | | | |
| − | =Sources=
| |
| | | | |
| − | http://guillaume.vaillant.me/?p=393
| + | * [[VPN server]] |
| | + | * [[VPN client]] |
